Curriculum redo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Curriculum redo - Essay Example The reason being, unlike older times, today’s industrialized world is heavily based on sectors of industries run by qualified individuals. This means that, only a person with sufficient acumen of business can run successful merchandise and only a qualified doctor can provide medical care to the sick. The reliance of this industrial matrix on the notion of transmission of specific quanta of knowledge from one generation of employees to the next ensures a continued, long-term importance of the profession of teaching. Like any other discipline, the discipline of pedagogy is full of theories and principles that provide groundwork for the educators, researchers and the teachers to develop effective classroom environment and lesson plans (Wiles, 2010). This does not only help the teachers in imparting knowledge to the learners in the most conducive environment but also help the learners to accumulate this knowledge and reflect upon it, thereby broadening their intellectual horizons (Weimer, 2002). One of the theories that arose in the past decade in this regard was the Curriculum Theory, which brings together the elements of theory and practice on one avenue. ... This paper examines the efficiency of two such ideologies in an instructional setting. It then merges these two ideologies in forming a personal philosophy of curriculum, which then forms the guiding principle for the personal teaching practice (Wiles, 2008). It is important here to establish few observations about the instructional setting in which the ideology implementation will take place. The setting here is a high school for at-risk teenagers at an adult county jail where the curriculum will be taught to English Language Learners. The setting is different from most high schools because of its students. The learners are mostly from the minority groups with poor financial background, susceptible to drugs, street crime who little no exposure to a proper school system before. To begin with, let us look at the Social Reconstructive curriculum ideology in detail and examine its appropriateness to the instructional setting. The social reconstructive ideology holds that the purpose of education is to reform the values of the society (Weimer, 2008). This ideology perceives curriculum as a tool of social reconstruction. This is important because this explains why this ideology is significant to the development of curriculum for ELL learners in adult county jail. The learners in this setting are not only materially disadvantaged but have also been victims of aggression, violence, and abuse. As psychology dictates, such adverse living conditions and unhealthy lifestyle not only affects the physiological health but also disrupts the psyche and the personality of the subjects making them more pessimistic and violent. Thus, the protocol of Social Reconstructive ideology influences this very aspect of their lives and plays a

Iconic building, building underground Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Iconic building, building underground - Essay Example The debates mainly covered topics such as: One of the proposed solutions to future attacks is the underground construction of buildings. For example, there have been proposals to expand the city of Amsterdam with a futuristic and massive underground network of activities. This paper seeks to examine the construction lessons learned from the WTC attacks and the possibility of considering underground construction as a way of avoiding attacks situations similar to the one of the WTC. The twin towers were designed and constructed five decades ago as new way of building skyscrapers in which they were to be very light in weight and involved modular methods of construction meant to reduce costs and accelerate the building schedule. They were constructed using an egg-crate design having extra columns that would hold the building standing in case one or two columns were to be lost (Eager & Musso, 2001). This design made the towers to be some of the most resilient buildings ever constructed and it is no wonder their collapse was that astonishing and generated so much speculations and debates among knowledgeable structural engineers (FEMA, 2002; National Institute of Science and Technology, 2008)). Prior to the WTC attacks, security in design was not all that an important concern to engineers, architects or builders (Bazant and Cedolin, 1991). Security was normally only considered a design priority when designing and constructing specific types of projects such as consulates, government facilities and prisons and State Department embassies. Following the attacks, security has become of absolute importance in virtually all types of construction including educational, healthcare, commercial, residential and institutional. The drastic change in the construction environment, which occurred virtually overnight, makes it important that all suitable technology and security safeguards are incorporated into the initial

Possible risks Essay Example for Free

Possible risks Essay Determination of pregnancy is not certain until the second trimester, at around twenty weeks, when the fetal heart beat can be heard via a fetoscope. Albeit there are presumptive and probable signs associated with pregnancy, like the early morning sickness or the growing size of the abdominal area, these could also be caused by a different pathology. Hence, it can be inevitable for a woman who is not aware of her pregnant state to be exposed to radiation, most especially if she is not aware of her current menstruation cycle. Radiation exposure usually occurs whenever a person is exposed to cosmic rays, external radiation from radioactive ores, internal exposure through radiation therapy given for treatment in cancer patients, and most commonly through diagnostic x-rays. More often than not, pregnant women who are not aware of their pregnant state could have gotten their diagnostic x-rays taken, which is equivalent to receiving 70 millirem. Also, she could have been exposed to other radiation sources, like watching the television and living next door to a power plant. But exposure to radiation can have an acceptable limit of 350 millirems for the pregnant woman. For the pregnant woman, the most critical period wherein the fetus will suffer the most health consequences is when the she is exposed to radiation around two weeks to fifteen weeks gestational age. At two weeks gestational age, if the mother is exposed to a radiation that measures greater than 5 rad or 5000 millirem, a miscarriage can take place or even death inside the womb. If the fetus is exposed to radiation at the gestational age of eight to fifteen weeks, the fetus is to suffer a severe brain damage from the exposure. This can result in lowered intelligent quotients or IQs, mental retardation, stunted growth and other birth defects. Mental retardation is defined as a general developmental disorder characterized by a lower than average intelligence marker and the child is to suffer from limited daily living skills due to limited learning capabilities. Stunted growth in a child will be evidenced by a sluggish growth and development progress, as evidenced by a lower than normal height, weight and even cognitive skills. After this critical period, the two to fifteen weeks of gestational age, the fetus will unlikely suffer from radiation exposure, unless the exposure is extremely large. Only having been exposed to at least five thousand x-rays at one time can give harm to a 16 week old fetus. At 26 weeks gestational age, the fetus cannot be harmed by radiation exposure, and if ever exposed to radiation, the fetus will unlikely suffer serious health consequences. This can be compared to a newborn being exposed to radiation; the chances of having defects are greatly decreased if not invisible already. However, some of the effects of being exposed to radiation cannot readily be seen or manifest in the early life. Studies also show that fetuses are extremely sensitive to the cancer causing effects of radiation exposure; hence this can increase their risks in acquiring cancer later in life. Radiation exposure can be limited, if not avoided. The pregnant woman needs to be aware of her physiological state. She would have to consult all of her diagnostic exams and her workplace to her physician, so that radiation exposure can be prevented early on the pregnancy.

Walt Disney Essay example -- essays research papers fc

Disney Productions is one of the leading entertainment businesses, bringing tremendous profits not to mention the joy it brings many people. It has not always been this easy for Disney however. It took the mind of one man to bring it to what it is today, and that’s mans name is Walt Disney. Walt Disney’s life was devoted to the arts and entertainment almost from birth. However, Walt’s fortunes and fame didn’t take form until his creation of Mickey Mouse. Walt Disney was born on December 5, 1901 and was the fourth child of Elias and Flora Disney. He was an extremely talented child, exhibiting tremendous creativity at such a young age. Walt began drawing pictures in the 1st grade and continued until the day he died. Another of his exceptional talents was acting. Walt relished each opportunity to perform on stage or in class. While in elementary school "on Lincoln’s Birthday every year until he graduated, Walt was hauled from class to class by the principal to give the Gettysburg Address." (Fisher, 18) Walt got bored with school however and dropped out at the age of 16. He immediately got a job as a waiter on a train line and kept this job until the U.S. entered the war. Walt had a great desire to join the army, but was rejected because he was to young. Since he still desired to have some role in the war he became a volunteer with the Red Cross. Within a week he was sent to the front and didn’t return for one to two years. When Walt returned from he war he told his father that he wanted to become an animator, but his father did not approve. Walt ignored his father’s advice and enrolled in art school. Walt attended art school for several months in both Missouri and Kansas City and then later found a job at an advertising firm in Kansas. There he met a talented artist named Ubbe Iwerks. Ubbe was a great animator and he and Walt became good friends. Walt and Ubbe worked all day for the advertising company, but at night they studied the art of animation and experimented with ways to make animation smoother by using light and a camera. Walt soon quit his job at the advertising firm because he was not satisfied with the work he was doing. He found a job in Kansas City at a Film Ad Company. Walt was quickly fired from this job and having nowhere else to go, he returned home. Walt and his brother Roy decided to form their own business available jobs did... ...found 200-acre lot in Anaheim, California and purchased it immediately. Construction was completed and the park opened in 1955 and by that time Disney Productions was a financial success. People were so anxious to be the first ones in Disneyland that when only 15,000 tickets were sold for opening day 33,000 people showed up, half of them had counterfeit tickets. Certainly, Walt Disney was a man of vision. A man who had the creativity to develop ideas and then have the patience and perseverance to carry them out. Walt Disney showed courage and the desire you need to build a successful life. Even when all odds were against him, he still was able to find a way to conquer his dreams. He taught us many things and I hope we remember this man not only for his cartoons, but also for his work ethics and the contributions he made to society. Bibliography Fanning, Jim. Walt Disney. New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1994. Fisher, Maxine P. Walt Disney. New York, NY: A First Book, 1988. Greene, Katherine, and Greene, Richard. The Man Behind The Magic. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1991 Schroeder, Russell. Ed. Walt Disney, His Life In Pictures. New York, NY: Disney Press, 1996.

Euthanasia: Kantianism vs Utilitarianism Essay

The deliberate act of ending another’s life, given his or her consent, is formally referred to as euthanasia. At present, euthanasia is one of the most controversial social-ethical issues that we face, in that it deals with a sensitive subject matter where there is much uncertainty as to what position one ought to take. Deliberately killing another person is presumed by most rational people as a fundamental evil act. However, when that person gives his or her consent to do so, this seems to give rise to an exceptional case. This can be illustrated in the most common case of euthanasia, where the person who is willing to die suffers from an illness that causes great pain, and will result in his or her demise in the not-so-distant future. In this case, killing the person would seem to be the most humane and reasonable thing to do, whereas keeping the person alive would be akin to torture; which is also presumed to be a fundamental evil act. But euthanasia, in essence, is murder, and this might lead one to ask whether there can ever be an exception to murder? And if one were to make an exception in this case, what would then prevent us from making exceptions in other cases? In the worst case scenario, would this not leave an opening for cold-blooded murders to kill people without their consent, and make false claims that they did have their consent? There are a variety of positions, based on the numerous ethical theories that have been developed, that one can take in order to resolve the issue of euthanasia; but the positions I will be looking at in particular, are the positions based on John Stuart Mill’s ‘Utilitarianism’ ethical theory, and Immanuel Kant’s ‘Categorical Imperative’ ethical theory. According to Utilitarianism, euthanasia can be morally justified, whereas according to Kantianism, euthanasia is not morally justifiable; but I will argue that neither position provides an adequate resolution to the issue, due to the significant flaws that are inherent in the reasoning that led to their particular positions. According to Utilitarianism, ethics is primarily an empirical science; essentially implying that the moral standard must be based on human experiences, and not abstract principles that are largely impractical. Hence, based on an understanding of human experience Utilitarianism proposes that the ultimate end of every human action is simply pleasure, and the absence of pain. This fundamental idea then forms the basis for Utilitarianism’s Greatest Happiness Principle which states, â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure† (Mill, 7). Also, Utilitarianism asserts that actions are judged as moral solely based on their consequences, and not on their motives. So, if a person acts out of good intentions, but does not produce beneficial results, then his action does not qualify as a moral action. Finally, Utilitarianism asserts that an action is good only if it promotes the greatest happiness for the greatest amount of people. Therefore, an action that slightly increases your own pleasure, but in turn, dramatically decreases the pleasure of other, according to Utilitarianism is not moral action. Thus, in the context of the case mentioned in the introduction, the Utilitarian position on euthanasia would go something as follows: With respect to the individual who is willing to die, he/she would simply be happiest dead, and unhappiest alive. With respect to the people who care for the individual, they would be happy that he/she is alive, but unhappy at the same time because he/she is in great pain; or if the individual underwent euthanasia, happy because he/she is no longer in pain, but unhappy because he/she is dead. So, in applying the Utilitarian principle to this case, the greatest happiness for the greatest amount of people occurs when the person is dead. The reason being that the people who care for the person are both happy and unhappy regardless of whether the person is dead or alive, but the person will only be happy if he/she is dead. Therefore, since euthanasia meets the moral standards set by Utilitarianism, it would support the act of euthanasia as a morally sound action. Unlike Utilitarianism however, Kantianism states that ethics is a purely a priori discipline, thus, independent of experience, and that ethical rules can only be found through pure reason. Also contrary to Utilitarianism, Kantianism asserts that the moral worth of an action should be judged on its motive and the action itself, and not on its consequences. Based on these ideas, Kantianism propose that an action is good only if it performed out a ‘good will’; which is the only thing that is good, in and of itself. To act out of a ‘good will’, one must act in accordance with a categorical imperative. According to Kant there is only one categorical imperative, which is to â€Å"act only on that maxim in which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law† (Kant, 528); and can also be formulated as â€Å"act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as means, but always at the same time as an end† (Kant, 532). Essentially, the categorical imperative states that your actions must not result in a practical contradiction, which can be determined by conceptualizing all other people performing the same act. To illustrate, if I were to make a promise with no intentions of keeping it, and I imagine all other people doing the same, then very idea of a promise would cease to have meaning, and thus, my action would give rise to a practical contradiction, and consequently, be immoral. Finally, the categorical imperative is an unconditional ought, which means that an action must be performed solely out of duty to the categorical imperative, without any ulterior motive, in order for it to be a moral action. Thus, with regard to euthanasia, Kantians would reject the act of euthanasia as a morally good action based on their reasoning that an action is good only if it acts in accordance with a categorical imperative. Taking the categorical imperative in terms of being able to act in ways that can, without contradiction, become a universal law, if one were to universalize killing another person – which is the fundamental act in euthanasia – this would result in a practical contradiction. That practical contradiction being if everyone were to kill one another, then there would be no people left in this world, and as a consequence, the very idea of murder would lose its meaning. Also, if one were to formulate the categorical imperative in terms of treating others (including oneself) as ends rather than means, euthanasia would violate the categorical imperative, in that the person is treated as a means by killing himself, to reach the end goal of eliminating the pain. Therefore, since euthanasia does not meet the moral standards set out by Kantianism, it would not support the act of euthanasia as a morally sound action. However, as I stated in my thesis, I believe that Utilitarianism, and Kantianism do not provide an adequate resolution to the issue of euthanasia, because of the significant flaws in their reasoning. With Utilitarianism, the significant flaw in their position lies in the fact that it is built on the false assumption that the consequences of actions can be predicted, when in actuality they cannot. For example, it is possible that the person, who underwent euthanasia because of the pain he/she suffered, could’ve been misdiagnosed and fully recovered shortly after. Also, inspired by his/her new life, the individual went on to form a charity that raised money for research in pain treatment, thereby increasing the happiness for a great many. Thus, under the utilitarian system, keeping the person alive in this scenario would have been the morally justified act, whereas killing the person would not have been. With Kantianism, the significant flaw in their position lies in the fact that they make an absolute, immutable statement – do not murder – without any consideration for the context in which murder takes place. It is unreasonable, and bordering on foolish, to claim to adequately resolve special cases of murder such as euthanasia through a simple, general statement without taking into consideration its context. Though it is indeed reasonable that deliberately killing another for the sake of harming them is an immoral act, in euthanasia, a person is killed by another only by their own consent, and for the most part, with a good motive. When a person is suffering tremendously and is most likely going to die anyways, it does not at all seem unreasonable to kill him. In fact, killing the person would seem to be the most humane act one can perform, and in not killing the person, and keeping him/her alive in such a state of pain and agony, would be like an indirect form of torture; which in Kantianism is not a moral act. Thus, for these reasons, the positions of Utilitarianism and Kantianism on euthanasia are inadequate in resolving the issue of euthanasia, and euthanasia still remains as a significant social-ethical problem in our contemporary society. Works Cited Mill, J. S. (1984). Excerpts from Utilitarianism, On Liberty and Considerations on Representative Government, 1, 4-42. London: Dent. Kant, I. (1956). Excerpts from Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, trans. H. J. Paton, 61-62, 64-67, 74, 80-92, 95-107. London: Unwin Hyman. Reprinted in E. Sober, Core Question in Philosophy: A Text with Readings, 520-540. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2001.

Jane Austen s The King Of The Time - 1219 Words

(Hook sentence.) The Regency is a specific part of the much larger Georgian era, which spreads throughout the rules of the King George s. Regency is considered to be from 1811 to 1820 as the king of the time, George III, was deemed unfit to rule because of a mental illness, causing his son to be instated as his proxy, Prince Regent. Under the rule of the Prince Regent, life was transformed into a decade of social standings, where income and the amount of land you inherited determined your worth to many people. Women of this time were expected to be beautiful, well-mannered, and have good connections, so that they could easily achieve an advantageous marriage. Jane Austen lived almost her whole life in this time, which perhaps is the†¦show more content†¦He believes she has â€Å"more of quickness than her sisters,† and they often converse in amusement about the people around them (Austen 3). Since they aren t of a high society, they are constantly entertained with the desperate attempts of women who strive to marry a man of the greatest advantage. This causes Elizabeth to think highly of her ability to discern the people around her. Since she has never been proved wrong, an innate stubbornness from it was created. Pride over this has caused her to be quick to judge as she sees fit. This trait is especially shown in her first interaction with Mr. Darcy, a wealthy, seemingly proud, and handsome gentleman. The people of Hertfordshire county consider him to be the â€Å"most disagreeable man in the world† (Austen 8). She comes to agree with the gossip when she overhears him commenting that she is â€Å"not handsome enough to tempt [him],† (Austen 9). As they spend more time together he starts to develop feelings for her, but does not act on it because of her lower class. Here we can see how his pride and societal upbringing gives him a preconception against others. Her prejudice against him causes her to see everything he says or does in a negative light. Throughout the novel, this use of pride and prejudice leads to many misunderstandings about the true character of the people in it. The introducement of Mr. Wickham, a handsome man from Darcy’s past, proves to progress the story as an influence Elizabeth s prejudice.

Boundary Law in Ontario - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2715 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Social Essay Did you like this example? Contents Boundary law in Ontario Benefits of a Mathematical Co-Ordinate based Cadastre Characteristics of Boundary Law in Other Jurisdictions References Boundary law in Ontario The word boundary means a line that cannot be crossed. This line could be a tangible one or a non-tangible one. Our world is all about boundaries. Boundaries are what keep the human race civilized and organized. (Kaufmann Steudler, 1998) There are quite a few boundaries set by the law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" discussed and adopted by the citizens or the representative of the people. The boundaries for land reservation are set for various reasons. It could be to protect people from damage during disasters or it could be to avert certain areas to be left construction free. The problem arises when the definition of a boundary varies because of the kind or the principle of the boundary it really is and refer to. The boundary law of Ontario has quite a few aspects that need to be considered before it follows the trend of a mathematical coordinate based cadaster. One of the issues, that needs reflection on is that whether it is technically plausible. Can a coordinates only structure re ally be put in place? The control monuments, datum adjustments,technical capacity, stability of the earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s crust and the accuracy[PS1]standards can be put under one umbrella. According to a report written by Dr. Brian Ballantyneon the technical, social and legal implications of using coordinates-only to define boundaries the[PS2] earlier traditional survey practices used to entail dense monumentation. Trying to reduce the chances[PS3] of errors and keeping in sight the technical limitations what happened was that there were[PS4] monuments being founded in every 200 to 800[PS5] meters in urban areas[PS6] . The hindsight of this decision was that there were severalvast provincial networks encompassing tens of thousands of points of varying degrees of accuracy[PS7]. Now with the GPS receivers in use it would seem that there would be more[PS8] clarity and better results however the it is only possible to accurately survey baselines up to 20-30[PS9] kilome ters. If the distance goes above 30 kilometers, several factors are still to consider like the satellite geometry, which must be ideal. (Four Point Learning, 2014) The report furthergoes on to say that[PS10]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a co-ordinate based cadastre, referenced to NAD83 (CSRS), could be initiated under the present configuration. Unfortunately, if there is no further densification of control monuments based in NAD83 (CSRS), the distance between monuments may preclude or limit the use of traditional survey methods[PS11].à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It is common knowledge that Canada is given in to horizontal displacement of the crust. The rate at which this displacement happens varies throughout the country. If there areboundaries marked with monuments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" there will be a[PS12]constantdeformation over time[PS13]. There have been many studies in New Zealand on the same and most of themconclude that coordinates cannot be definitive without modeling the dynamics of both the[ PS14]cadasterand the coordinate system[PS15]. (Four Point Learning, 2014) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Boundary Law in Ontario" essay for you Create order Benefits of a Mathematical Co-Ordinate based Cadastre There are a few benefits of the mathematical co-ordinate based cadaster as well. All these well- integrated surveys do represent an intermediate conceptual step[PS16] which is present between the use of monuments and the use of coordinates-only[PS17], indeed as monumented boundaries are integrated to close tolerances within a spatial reference system[PS18]. The best part here is that the coordinates, which are derived for the locations of the monuments, can then be used as[PS19] further evidence in re-establishing the monuments[PS20]. It is also evident that integrated surveys are already the norm in many parts of many provinces, and serve to provide properly geo-referenced data for use in cadastral mapping and[PS21] prominent in land information systems[PS22]. (Elfick, 2006) It is eveident that boundaries have typically, but not always, followed a three-part process[PS23] with subsets of coming into being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" they are[PS24] in fact actually defined by the party[P S25] (which means Crown in earlier age and landowner in recent time) who has legal rights in the land; they are demarcated on the ground by a surveyor[PS26](which can be posts, pins, bars, mounds, pits); they are described on plans and maps.The use of coordinates is predicated on[PS27]removing demarcation or divisionfrom the process[PS28]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" which meansthe boundary is[PS29]firstdefined and then[PS30]described. To be clear and appropriate:defining boundaries using only coordinates means that monuments are not placed in the ground to mark the boundaries[PS31]. One should accept thataccess to cadastral coordinates which are linked to an accurate, distortion-free reference frame such as NAD83 (Canada Spatial Reference System[PS32]). This system compelledto employ adjustment and measuring methodology[PS33]by surveyors. (Elfick, 2006) It is not to reduce[PS34] or lesser the importance of environmental, social or economic data in a statewide land information system, but t o suggest that from a practical point of view, the development of a broad land information system will be more politically and economically justified if designed around a juridical cadastre in the early stages. There are some[PS35]evidentcases,however, when this[PS36]areaparcel is not suitable and it must be divided into smaller units[PS37]which too forthe benefits of[PS38]public interests.This is usually for valuation, assessment, or rating (fiscal) purposes or for land use classification[PS39]. It also limits the boundary of public to certain area or parcel which ultimately create hindrances in their life. One of theprime importance is that the basis of the cadastre is land parcels; not buildings, people or any other criteria[PS40]which indeed a very goos sign and methodology. In this cadastre, every parcel of land in the state or jurisdiction must be displayed[PS41] and presented on the maps and included in the respective registers. Ideally, this would include all state owned parcels including reserves, parks, roads, and unalienated land, if applicable[PS42]. All these are dynamic in nature and are continually updated and the contents of the registers should be public, within reasonable limits. It must be available to all government authorities[PS43]. One well-known fact is Fiscal cadastres were developed[PS44] and established to raise revenue through taxation of land, whereas juridical cadastres were developed to record ownership and all other legal interests in land[PS45]. Characteristics of Boundary Law in Other Jurisdictions There are in fact characteristics of boundary law in other jurisdictions as well that do define legal boundaries by co-ordinates there and assist in receiving the required and effective responses just like boundary and survey law. In addition, yes, to certain extend all these are similar. (Ballantyne, Khan, Conyers, 1999) The cadastral surveys[PS46] or structure, which supports these activities, is often controlled by land registry personnel who either have a legal or clerical background[PS47]. Such people in facttend to have[PS48]lessknowledgeable interest in cadastral surveying and mappIng[PS49]. In some jurisdictions[PS50]we have witnessed thatthere has been a sense of mistrust and[PS51]evennon-cooperation between the government departments administering the conveyancing and subdivision process and the personnel responsible for maintaining the cadastral survey system[PS52]. The cadastral surveying system is primarily concerned with supporting a secure land registration system, which is[PS53] definitely not a cadastral mapping system. Most of the emphasis[PS54] here is concerned with maintaining a high standard for each individual[PS55], which is isolated survey. Due to the high professional and technical standards of the surveyors and lawyers in most common law jurisdictions, secure conveyancing and land registration systems have developed[PS56]. (Williamson) Whereas most land registration systems, in common law countries result in a reasonably secure system for registering and[PS57] focusing interests in land, in their present form those systems usually are not designed to support an efficient land administration system integrated between a number of departments[PS58]. In general, all these systems are concerned only with an individual dealings on individual parcels, treated in isolation from other parcels in the system[PS59]. In addition, the central theme of[PS60] all these systems is to support a land market based on the[PS61] user pays principle. It is not designed to support the broader needs of government nor the land administration system[PS62]. (Ballantyne, Khan, Conyers, 1999) To name a few, Utility authorities, local government[PS63], and other departments responsible for valuation all have a need for a cadastral base map with the associated property records. Due to the non-existence of such a system at a central government level[PS64] at first hand, the individual authorities have tended to develop their own systems. Since many of these authorities are statutory and[PS65] self-funding,they have often been in a better position to introduce modern systems, albeit designed solely for their own purposes, than central government. This has particularly been the case for many utility and local government authorities who have consequently introduced[PS66] state-of-the-art computer systems. In a sense, each authority establishes its own small cadastral system[PS67]. One distinction between most European and common law jurisdictions is that in the latter the[PS68] legislative systems to support the alienation of land, and the transferring and recording of propri etary interests in land, came before the establishment of any fiscal systems. These quasi-legal systems have always been central to land administration in common law countries. Fiscal systems have been a more recent development. They usually have a secondary role in the land administration system and often have little or no links with the legal system. They have often developed their own mapping system and their own form of parcel[PS69]. (Williamson) References Ballantyne, B., Khan, K., Conyers, T. (1999). COORDINATES IN CONTEXT:TECHNICAL, SOCIAL LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF USING COORDINATES-ONLY TO DEFINE BOUNDARIES . Ontario: Canadian Council on Geomatics . Elfick, M. (2006). Cadastaral Surveyors Time To Go Forward Digitally And Coordinate Accurately. Geodata Information Systems , 4-7. Four Point Learning. (2014). Property Records- Land Registration- Conventional Boundries. Ontario: Four Point Learning. Kaufmann, J., Steudler, D. (1998). Cadastre 2014 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" A Vision for a Future Cadastral System. Switzerland: RÃÆ' ¼dlingen and Bern. Williamson, I. CADASTRES AND LAND INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN . New South Wales: University of New South Wales . [PS1]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS2]Possible sources: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf https://hydrography.ca/assets/files/2008conference/session_2B/2B-3_Ballantyne.pdf https://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=2138 https://www.acls-aatc.ca/en/node/261 [PS3]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS4]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS5]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS6]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS7]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS8]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS9]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS10]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS11]Possible sour ce: 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